Spatially Explicit Evaluation of Local Extractive Benefits from Mangrove Plantations in Bangladesh

Mangroves worldwide provide a wide range of ecosystem services utilized directly and indirectly by local peoples. Between 1966 and 2001, Bangladesh established approximately 148,000 ha of mangrove plantations in coastal areas within the Barisal and Chittagong Divisions. Though erosion and human encroachment and conversion have removed over two-thirds of these stands, the Forest Department has continued to undertake new plantation activities.

To investigate how and to what degree people directly utilize these mangroves, I conducted 340 household surveys across eight coastal villages located in close proximity to established plantations. The predominant direct use of the mangrove plantations by local rural communities is the extraction of detritus and nonmain stem material (e.g., limbs, leaves) for combustible fuel. This study uses household foraging distances to estimate and map net value densities based on reported market prices of extracted goods. The average extractive value of mangrove plantations is Tk 2,300 ha^?1 yr^?1, ranging among the villages from 300 to Tk 27,400 ha^?1 yr^?1, with values concentrated closer to the village. Cost-benefit analyses suggest that direct use values alone have justified the establishment and management of previously planted stands. However, other indirect values must be taken into account if these areas are to merit additional plantations.     

Effects of closing mountain for forest restoration in the watershed of Miyun reservoir,Beijing

The paper provides a systematical analysis of ecological restoration effects of natural secondary forest of closurearea in Chao Guanxi Gou, Miyun County, Beijing. The results indicate that through more than twenty years of hillclosing afforestation since 1983, canopy closure has improved almost by 0.2; forest cover rate has raised from 7.2% to 93.8%; biodiversity, tree biomass and vegetation community have increased to a great extent. Compared with the average canopy closure before hillclosing afforestation in this area, it has improved to over 0.4 in average and increased by 0.1-0.2. The forest coverage degree has reached more than 90%. Consequently, the forest plays more important roles in intercepting precipitation, improving water storage capacity of soil, decreasing the surface runoff, and preventing soil and water loss.     

洞庭湖滩地造林成活率的关键影响因子

用样行法对洞庭湖滩地新造速生丰产纸浆林的成活率进行调查,同时了解造林地连续4 a汛期的水文规律和海拔高程的演变过程,通过分析造林成活率与主要影响因子之间的关系,发现淹水时间为滩地造林的限制性因子,营造速生丰产林、一般用材林和短周期工业原料林时,造林地年淹水天数依次不能超过19、35和62 d;苗木等级对造林成活率有重大影响,特级苗、Ⅰ级苗、Ⅱ级苗、Ⅲ级苗的平均成活率在海拔低于32 m的造林地上分别为68.8%、49.3%、18.7%、2.4%,在海拔超过32 m的造林地上分别为98.8%、79.6%、36.4%、14.7%;采用开沟抬垄整地可减轻涝渍胁迫,从而大幅度提高造林成活率.     

黄土高原适于造林的雨水收集系统设计方法

根据黄土高原地区降水缺乏的自然条件 ,该文提出了 30 0mm到 6 0 0mm地区用于造林的集水设计与施工方法 .这种集水系统由不同形式、大小的种植区与产流区组成的微型集水区形成 ,其设计依据主要是降雨、产流区的径流系数、来自树木和土壤的蒸散、土壤水分亏缺及降水资源环境容量等等 .经过YJG(有机硅化学处理 )处理的产流区、拍光压实产流区和自然坡面的径流系数分别为 0 8 0 89,0 2 3 0 36 ,0 0 8 0 10 根据彭曼法计算的土壤水分亏缺量在 5 0mm到 30 0mm之间 .在降雨量为 4 0 0mm的地区经过YJG处理之后用材林每株林木的产流面积为 3 4m2 ,经济树种为 8 10m2 ;经过压光拍实处理之后用材林每株林木的产流面积为 6 8m2 ,经济树种为 10 12m2 ;自然坡面对于用材林每株林木的产流区面积为 8 10m2 ,经济树种为 12 15m2 采用这种系统经过YJG处理产流区、拍光压实产流区和保持自然坡面的微型集水区中树木的蒸腾量分别是总集水量的 4 7 6 5 % 5 3 31% ,2 4 10 % 36 93%和 18 6 5 % 2 9 5 5 % .这种大面积应用于黄土高原地区的系统被称为径流林业 .     

木麻黄优良无性系引进与更新造林效果初步分析

为了丰富和增加海岸带防护林体系建设的新材料,引进木麻黄新无性系进行育苗与更新造林试验,结果表明:9个参试的木麻黄无性系造林成活率均达到95.9%以上;现有保存率也均达到95.5%以上,说明新引进的木麻黄无性系都比较适宜新的生态环境。试验还表明,木麻黄无性系之间最主要的胸径、树高生长量处于快速成长水平,真正的竞争才开始,有待进一步观察研究。     

云南省造林项目科技推广模式研究

在云南省进行集体林权制度改革的背景下,以造林项目科技推广为对象,结合中国国情和云南省情,借鉴国内外相关的研究成果,以构建云南省造林项目科技推广模式为核心展开了全面系统的研究。通过采用理论和实践相结合、定性和定量分析相结合、比较和实证分析相结合的研究方法,在引建市场机制的前提下,构建了以造林项目科技推广主体为中心,风险控制体系、实施体系和指标评价体系全方位结合的云南省造林项目科技推广模式;提出在社会主义市场经济环境下,造林项目科技推广是市场行为,必须在生态经济、资源经济与市场经济相结合的理论指导下实施,将林业科技推广人员的行为与项目受益者的利益取向进行趋同化引导,形成科研与生产相结合、项目管理与科技推广相结合、推广者与受益人相结合的协调发展局面。     

世行项目造林质量监测的方法和效果

介绍了“贫困地区林业发展项目”对造林质量进行监测的标准及方法、实施监测的程序与机制。实施监测大大提高了造林质量，使造林合格率由第1年的82．3％提高到第3年的92．4％。这些方法可以在其它重点林业工程中借鉴和应用。     

单叶蔓荆对滨海沙地土壤养分和木麻黄生长的影响

通过对比分析蔓荆地、非蔓荆地主要养分、木麻黄生长量及蔓荆林地小气候变化特点的试验研究表明 ,单叶蔓荆能促进木麻黄生长 ,可作为海滨沙地、风口地段固沙造林的先锋植被     

道路绿化树种的选择

针对道路绿化树种的要求、特点和树种生长环境的限制因素,根据行道树种的生物学和生态学特性,因地制宜地提出了道路绿化树种选择的四大原则,进行了道路绿化树种的选择分析,并对存在的问题提出了一些建议.     

片石砂土地区封山育林效益分析

片石砂土地区从１９８４年起至１９９４年止，共封山育林１．１０万ｈｍ＾２现已基本成林，原来绿化难度大的近０．６７万ｈｍ＾２荒山。成为多树种，多层次的立体结构混交林。封山育林成本低，效益好，对恢复植被，涵养水源、防治病虫害等都有较大的效果，它是解决农村能源紧缺问题的有效手段之一，并能减少地表径流，减轻水旱灾害，保障农业丰收。